I believe you have a variation of the refactory design. I've got a dining room table with a similar concept, and it dates to the 1850s. Yours is oak, and quite robust.
Wull's right about the castors. It would be easy enough to find some heavy duty castors and restore them to your table, thus bringing it up to the correct height so you can restore it to it's intended use.
In my experience castors were not removed because they wore out or because of a lack of functionality, they were simply removed to make a fuddy-duddy old Victorian more *MODERN." Many a housewife in, say, 1955 did that to their old Vicky tables, along with removing valences and refinishing.
Anyhoo, get a new set of castors, refresh the oak finish, and you'll be able to use that table for another 100 years, if you live that long.