Here's a little on sterilization of medical instruments:
"...by the beginning of the 20th century, instruments were made entirely of metal that could be made germ free. The changeover came slowly to many, however, including Dr. Samuel Gross, who was one of the leading surgeons and teachers of the late 19th century (60). Sterilization using a carbolic spray (61) marked the beginning of aseptic technique and the end of fine instrumentation - and instrument collecting."